Wildlife and vegetation were sampled on five tree islands in the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from June 1999–June 2000 in order to generate a preliminary species list and examine the logistics of using various sampling techniques on bayhead tree islands. Seventy-nine vertebrate species and 19 plant species were recorded. Species richness for plants and vertebrates were similar among islands. Similarity among islands ranged from about 35 to 70% for plants and about 40 to 60% for vertebrates. Richness and similarity values for vegetation were lower than those recorded for tear-dropped shaped islands in wetlands south of the refuge probably due to differences in island topography and geographic location. Number of vertebrate species recorded by sampling method ranged from 2 to 62 with most vertebrate species recorded as observational data rather than during trapping events.